Carlo Maria Giulini (1914–2005) was a renowned Italian conductor celebrated for his profound musical interpretations and ethical approach to music-making. Beginning his violin studies at age five, he later attended the Conservatorio Santa Cecilia in Rome, where he focused on viola and conducting. His early career was interrupted by World War II, during which he, a committed pacifist, was forced into the army and later went into hiding until the liberation of Italy. After the war, Giulini quickly rose to prominence, leading the first post-Fascist concert of the Santa Cecilia Orchestra and gaining international acclaim with leading ensembles such as the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, and the Vienna Philharmonic. Over a career spanning more than five decades, Giulini became known for his deep musical insight and integrity. He retired in 1998 and died in Brescia at the age of 91.